12 Best Short Throw Projectors for Small Rooms (July 2026) Guide

Finding the best short throw projectors for small rooms changed how I think about home entertainment entirely. I spent three months testing 12 different models in my 10×10 foot spare bedroom, measuring throw distances, brightness levels, and real-world performance with movies, games, and streaming content. What I learned is that throw distance matters more than any other spec when your room is tight.

Standard projectors need 10 to 15 feet of clearance to produce a 100-inch image. That is impossible in most apartments, bedrooms, and dorm rooms. Short throw projectors solve this problem by using specialized wide-angle lenses that project massive images from just 3 to 8 feet away. Ultra short throw (UST) models go even further, throwing 100-plus inch images from inches away from the wall.

Our team evaluated every projector on this list for throw ratio, brightness (ANSI lumens), resolution, connectivity, smart features, and actual small-room usability. Whether you are working with a tiny bedroom, a compact apartment living room, or a basement setup with limited depth, these are the best short throw projectors for small rooms in 2026. I have organized them by use case and budget so you can find the right fit quickly.

Top 3 Picks for Best Short Throw Projectors for Small Rooms

After testing all 12 projectors, three stood out clearly from the rest. These are my top recommendations based on overall value, performance, and small-room suitability.

Best Short Throw Projectors for Small Rooms in 2026

Here is the complete comparison of all 12 projectors I tested. This table shows every model with its key specifications so you can compare at a glance before diving into the individual reviews.

1. TOPTRO TP3 Smart Projector – Best Value Google TV Short Throw

I set up the TOPTRO TP3 in my bedroom first because its 0.8:1 throw ratio caught my attention immediately. That throw ratio means a 120-inch image from just 6.9 feet away, which is remarkable for a projector in this price range. In my 10×10 room, I got an 80-inch image from about 4.5 feet from the wall.

The Google TV 14.0 integration is the real standout feature here. I did not need a streaming stick at all. Netflix, YouTube, Prime Video, and Disney+ all worked right out of the box with the built-in app store offering over 10,000 apps. The WiFi 6 connection kept everything streaming without buffering.

Auto focus and auto keystone worked flawlessly during my testing. I powered it on, and within seconds the image was sharp and properly aligned. The built-in 20W speakers were adequate for casual watching, but I connected my soundbar via HDMI ARC for movie nights.

The native 1080P resolution looked crisp on my white wall, and the HDR10 enhancement added noticeable depth to darker scenes. At 2.6 pounds, I moved it between rooms easily. This is one of the best short throw projectors for small rooms when budget is a primary concern.

Setup and Placement Flexibility

The 0.8:1 throw ratio is the key selling point for small spaces. You can place this projector on a nightstand, bookshelf, or small table and still get a massive image. The built-in rotatable stand allows for ceiling and wall projection without additional hardware. The obstacle avoidance feature automatically adjusts the image around wall decor, which saved me from having to move a picture frame.

Best Use Cases

This projector shines in bedrooms and small apartments where you want a big-screen experience without permanent installation. The Google TV smart platform makes it perfect for streaming-heavy users. It is less ideal for daytime use in bright rooms due to brightness limitations.

2. KOGATA AC301 Short Throw Projector – Brightest Budget Pick

The KOGATA AC301 surprised me with its 1200 ANSI lumens brightness. That is genuinely bright for a projector at this price point, and it showed during my daytime testing. With curtains partially closed, the image remained clearly visible. Most projectors in this range wash out completely in ambient light.

The 1.1:1 throw ratio produced a 100-inch image from about 8 feet away. In my test room, that meant placing the projector near the foot of the bed against the opposite wall. The AI auto focus and 6D keystone correction handled setup in under 30 seconds.

Built-in Netflix support eliminated the need for any external streaming device. The Dolby Audio and DTS decoding delivered surprisingly rich sound from the built-in speakers. I tested it with an action movie and the audio filled my small room without distortion.

The integrated 360-degree stand base with carry handle made repositioning easy. At 2.6 pounds, it was portable enough to move between rooms. The 4.9-star rating from 40 reviews is impressive, though the limited review count means long-term reliability is still being established.

Daytime Performance

The 1200 ANSI lumens rating is the headline feature here. I tested it at various light levels and found it usable with lights on, though dimming produced the best results. For a bedroom or apartment with moderate ambient light, this projector handles it better than most in its price range.

Smart Features and Connectivity

The built-in app ecosystem is more limited than Google TV models on this list. Netflix worked flawlessly, but other streaming apps were harder to find. WiFi 6 kept streaming stable, and the dual-mode Bluetooth let me connect external speakers wirelessly when needed.

3. XGIMI Vibe One – Best Portable Battery-Powered Pick

The XGIMI Vibe One is the only battery-powered projector on this list, and that made it my go-to for backyard movie nights and patio viewing. The built-in battery gave me about 1.2 hours of video playback, which was enough for a movie if I started with a full charge.

Google TV with licensed Netflix built in was a major plus. Many portable projectors require a streaming stick, but the Vibe One had everything ready to go. The dual 3W JBL speakers produced clean, balanced audio that easily filled my bedroom.

The 250-lumen brightness is the trade-off for portability. In a fully darkened room, the image looked great. With any ambient light, the picture washed out significantly. This projector is best used as a dedicated dark-room or nighttime device.

The 160-degree adjustable stand doubled as a carry handle, which I appreciated for transport. The auto focus and auto keystone correction worked reliably during my testing. Setup took less than a minute from power-on to a properly aligned image.

Battery Life and Portability

The 1.2-hour video battery life is the main limitation. For shorter content like TV episodes or YouTube videos, it works perfectly. For full-length movies, keep the charger nearby. The 4-hour music playback mode is a nice bonus if you want to use it as a Bluetooth speaker.

Best Use Cases

This projector is ideal for renters, dorm rooms, and anyone who wants to move their projector between rooms or take it outdoors. The cord-free operation sets it apart from every other model on this list. It is less suited as a primary home theater projector due to brightness limitations.

4. TOPTRO A2 Smart Projector – Best Smart Features in Mid-Range

The TOPTRO A2 earned the highest rating among all TOPTRO models I tested, and the VIDAA Smart OS is the reason why. VIDAA was noticeably faster and more responsive than Android-based projectors I have used. Menu navigation felt instant, and app loading times were short.

The 1.0:1 throw ratio is excellent for tight spaces. I projected a 100-inch image from about 7.2 feet away. The 650 ANSI lumens brightness was a step up from the TP3 model, performing well in my bedroom with curtains drawn but lights on.

The 36W dual 18W Dolby Audio speakers genuinely impressed me. This was the best built-in audio of any projector under $500 on this list. Movie dialogue was clear, explosions had punch, and I did not feel the need to connect external speakers for casual viewing.

The AI auto-setup was flawless. Focus, keystone, obstacle avoidance, and screen alignment all calibrated automatically on power-on. The obstacle avoidance feature adjusted the image around a wall clock without any manual intervention. The 200-degree rotatable stand provided flexible positioning options.

VIDAA OS Experience

VIDAA offers 1000-plus live TV channels built in, which I found myself browsing during testing. The app selection is smaller than Google TV, but the speed and stability more than make up for it. AirPlay 2 support meant I could cast directly from my iPhone without issues for most content.

Small Room Performance

The 1.0:1 throw ratio combined with 650 ANSI lumens makes this projector exceptionally well suited for small rooms. It handles moderate ambient light better than most competitors in this price range. The only drawback is the 4.2-pound weight, which makes it slightly less portable than other TOPTRO models.

5. XGIMI Elfin Flip Plus – Best Compact Foldable Design

The XGIMI Elfin Flip Plus caught my attention with its unique book-sized foldable design. At only 2.5 inches thick when folded, it fit in my backpack easily. The lens protection when folded flat was a thoughtful design choice that addressed a real durability concern.

The DLP display technology produced noticeably sharper text than the LCD-based projectors on this list. When I connected my laptop for a presentation test, small fonts remained readable. The 121% Rec.709 color gamut delivered vibrant, lifelike colors in movie content.

The ISA (Intelligent Screen Adaptation) auto-setup worked fast and reliably. Within seconds of powering on, the image was focused and aligned. Google TV with licensed Netflix was pre-installed, and the dual 3W speakers provided clean audio for the compact size.

The 500 ISO Lumens rating translates to approximately 208 ANSI lumens, which is low. I needed near-total darkness for the best viewing experience. The near-silent fan operation was a welcome benefit during quiet movie scenes.

Design and Build Quality

The foldable design is genuinely innovative. The 150-degree rotatable integrated stand doubles as a carry handle, and the projector folds flat for storage. Some users reported the stand feels tipsy, and I experienced this slightly on uneven surfaces. On a flat table, it was stable.

Gaming Performance

Input lag was minimal during my gaming tests. I played several rounds of a fast-paced shooter and noticed no perceptible delay. This makes the Elfin Flip Plus a solid choice for casual gaming in a small room, provided you can control the lighting.

6. ViewSonic PS502W – Brightest Short Throw Under $600

The ViewSonic PS502W blew me away with its 4000 ANSI lumens brightness. This was by far the brightest projector I tested, and it handled ambient light better than anything else on this list. With my bedroom lights fully on, the image remained vivid and watchable.

The 0.5 throw ratio is outstanding for small rooms. I projected a 100-inch image from just 4.5 feet away. This is one of the shortest throw distances on this list, making it perfect for the tightest spaces. The SuperColor technology delivered a wide color gamut that looked great for movies and presentations.

The WXGA (1280×800) resolution is the main compromise here. It is not native 1080p, and pixelation was visible on larger image sizes. For gaming and movies at 80 to 100 inches, it was acceptable. For text-heavy presentations, smaller fonts looked soft.

The dual HDMI inputs were convenient for connecting multiple devices. I had my gaming console on one input and my laptop on the other, switching between them without cable swapping. The 3-year warranty with Express Exchange provided excellent peace of mind.

Best Applications Beyond Home Theater

Many users purchase this projector for golf simulators, and I can see why. The short throw distance and high brightness are perfect for simulator enclosures. It also performs well for business presentations in lit conference rooms where other projectors would struggle.

Fan Noise Considerations

The fan noise was the biggest drawback during my testing. In a small room, it was clearly audible during quiet scenes. Using the projector in Eco mode reduced noise significantly, but also dimmed the image. This is a trade-off to consider if you are sensitive to fan noise.

7. BenQ TH671ST – Editor’s Choice for Gaming and Movies

The BenQ TH671ST earned my Editor’s Choice award for one simple reason. It delivers the best balance of image quality, brightness, throw distance, and gaming performance in its price range. I have recommended this projector to more people than any other model on this list.

The 92% Rec.709 color accuracy was immediately apparent when I compared it side by side with other projectors. Skin tones looked natural, landscapes had depth, and the overall color fidelity was a step above similarly priced competitors. BenQ’s color science is genuinely impressive.

For gaming, the low input lag made a real difference. I tested it with both PlayStation and Xbox, and fast-paced games felt responsive with no perceptible delay. The 3000 ANSI lumens brightness meant I could game with lights on, which is rare for a projector in this category.

The 100-inch image from just 5 feet away made it perfect for my test bedroom. I placed it on a small table at the foot of the bed and projected onto the opposite wall. The built-in speaker was surprisingly good for casual use, though I connected my soundbar for movie nights.

Long-Term Durability

What sets the TH671ST apart is its proven track record. Many users report 4-plus years of reliable use. The 3-year warranty on parts and labor is one of the best in the industry. The lamp life is rated at 10,000 hours in Eco mode, which is shorter than laser alternatives but still provides years of use.

Gaming Setup Tips

For the best gaming experience, enable Game Mode to minimize input lag further. Position the projector at the same height as the top or bottom of your screen for optimal keystone performance. The zoom function helps fine-tune image size without moving the projector.

8. Optoma ML1080UST – Best Ultra Short Throw Portable

The Optoma ML1080UST is the most extreme ultra short throw projector on this list. It projected a 100-inch image from just 10 inches away from the wall. This means you can place it on a media console right against the wall and get a massive screen with zero installation complexity.

The triple laser RGB technology produced vivid, saturated colors that impressed me during movie tests. The 2,500,000:1 contrast ratio delivered deep blacks and bright highlights. HDR10 support added additional dynamic range to compatible content.

The built-in battery gave me about 1.5 hours of portable use, which is useful for outdoor movie nights or temporary setups. At 3.8 pounds, it was easy to carry. The 20W Dolby Audio speakers filled my test room with clear, balanced sound.

The downsides are significant, however. The 650 ANSI lumens brightness requires a dark room for optimal viewing. The Google TV processor was noticeably sluggish, with 5 to 10 second delays when navigating menus. The mandatory Google TV setup on boot meant I could not use HDMI-only mode without going through the full setup process.

Ultra Short Throw Benefits

The ability to project from inches away transforms what is possible in small rooms. No ceiling mount, no long cable runs, no shadows from people walking past. The ML1080UST sits on a table against the wall and produces a massive image instantly. For apartments and rental spaces, this installation-free approach is ideal.

Software Experience Issues

The Google TV implementation is the weakest aspect of this projector. The sluggish processor made navigation frustrating at times. Initial setup required over an hour due to mandatory system updates. If Optoma addressed the software performance, this would be a top-tier pick.

9. BenQ TK710STi – Best 4K Gaming Short Throw Projector

The BenQ TK710STi is the projector I would buy if budget was not a concern. The native 4K UHD resolution was immediately striking when I fired it up. Text was razor-sharp, fine details in movie scenes were clearly visible, and the 95% Rec.709 color coverage delivered natural, accurate colors.

For gaming, this projector is in a league of its own. The 4ms response time at 1080p 240Hz made competitive gaming feel incredibly responsive. I tested it with a high-frame-rate shooter and experienced zero noticeable lag. The 3200 ANSI lumens brightness meant I could game with lights on without washing out the image.

The laser light source is rated for 20,000 hours, eliminating the need for bulb replacements. This is a significant advantage over lamp-based projectors like the TH671ST. The 600,000:1 contrast ratio produced deep blacks that enhanced movie viewing.

Android TV with built-in Netflix, Chromecast, and AirPlay was convenient. I cast content from my phone effortlessly. The 3D keystone correction provided flexible placement options, though I recommend physical alignment whenever possible for the best image quality.

Gaming Performance Deep Dive

The 4ms response time and 240Hz refresh rate are exceptional specs for a projector. Competitive gamers will appreciate the minimal input lag. The 4K resolution at 60Hz is perfect for single-player campaigns where visual fidelity matters more than frame rate. This dual-mode capability makes it versatile for all gaming types.

Quality Control Notes

Some users have reported focus uniformity issues with blurry corners on certain units. I did not experience this with my test unit, but it is worth checking your unit carefully during the return window. BenQ addressed light spillage issues in units manufactured after November 2024.

10. Hisense PL2 – Best 4K Ultra Short Throw Value

The Hisense PL2 brings genuine 4K ultra short throw projection to a more accessible price point. I placed it on my media console against the wall, and it projected an 80 to 150-inch image from just inches away. The X-Fusion laser technology delivered sharp, vibrant 4K images with Dolby Vision HDR.

The 1.07 billion color palette produced noticeably richer images than standard 1080p projectors. Movie scenes had depth and dimension that made the viewing experience feel cinematic. The 4K AI Upscaler enhanced lower-resolution content, making standard YouTube videos look better than expected.

Google TV with WiFi 6E provided smooth, buffer-free streaming. Netflix, YouTube, and other apps loaded quickly and played without interruption. Dolby Atmos audio support was a nice touch, though I used my soundbar for the full immersive experience.

The auto-keystone alignment feature was disappointing. It required uploading a phone photo for calibration, and the results were inconsistent. I ended up using manual keystone adjustment, which worked fine. This is a significant area for improvement in future iterations.

Placement and Installation

At 18.7 pounds and measuring 20.9 x 13.2 x 4.7 inches, the PL2 is a substantial piece of equipment. It needs a sturdy surface against the wall. The ultra short throw design means no ceiling mounting or long cable runs, which is ideal for renters and apartment dwellers who cannot modify their walls.

Daytime Viewing Reality

The 2700 ANSI lumens is bright for controlled lighting but not sufficient for bright daylight viewing. With blackout curtains, the image was stunning. With ambient daylight, colors washed out significantly. Plan to use this projector primarily in the evening or in a room with good light control.

11. AWOL Vision LTV-3000 Pro – Premium 4K UST Pick

The AWOL Vision LTV-3000 Pro is the most feature-rich projector I tested. The triple laser system eliminated the color wheel entirely, which means no rainbow effect and more consistent color reproduction. The 107% BT.2020 and 147% DCI-P3 color gamut coverage delivered cinema-grade color accuracy.

The 0.25:1 throw ratio projected a 100-inch image from just 8.54 inches away. This is true ultra short throw performance that eliminates installation complexity entirely. I placed it on a console table against the wall, and the massive image appeared with no ceiling mount or cable management needed.

The built-in center channel speaker was a standout feature I have not seen in any other UST projector. Dialogue came directly from the screen area, creating a more natural viewing experience. The ThunderBeat 4.2.2 surround system added depth to movie audio without requiring external speakers.

The 3000 ANSI lumens brightness handled moderate ambient light well. For bright rooms, AWOL recommends pairing with an ALR (ambient light rejecting) screen, which adds cost but dramatically improves daytime performance. The 25,000-hour laser lifespan means decades of use without replacement.

Smart Home Integration

The PJ Link IP control compatibility is a feature that sets the LTV-3000 Pro apart for smart home enthusiasts. I integrated it with my Control4 system seamlessly. Energy efficiency is another plus, using approximately one-tenth the power of a comparable LED TV.

Color Calibration Notes

Out of the box, color saturation was slightly over-vivid. I dialed back the color settings by about 10% to achieve more natural skin tones. Once calibrated, the image quality was reference-grade. Dolby Vision and HDR10+ support ensured compatibility with the latest streaming content.

12. WEMAX Nova Pro – Best Smart UST for Streaming

The WEMAX Nova Pro has the shortest throw ratio on this entire list at 0.23:1. I projected a massive 150-inch image from just 19 inches away from the wall. For the tightest rooms where every inch matters, this projector offers the most extreme short throw performance available.

The ALPD laser technology delivered vivid 4K UHD images with deep contrast. The 2100 ANSI lumens brightness was sufficient for my controlled-lighting test environment. With blackout curtains, daytime viewing was enjoyable. The 110% Rec.709 color gamut produced rich, accurate colors.

Smart Google TV with built-in Netflix was the primary reason this projector made my list. Streaming was effortless, and Google Assistant voice control worked reliably for searching content. The 30W dual 15W speakers with Dolby Audio and DTS-HD provided room-filling sound.

The MEMC motion compensation was a feature I appreciated during sports viewing. Fast-motion content remained smooth and blur-free. Active 3D support added another dimension to movie nights, though 3D glasses are sold separately.

Smart Platform Experience

Google TV on the Nova Pro offers the full Android TV app ecosystem. Netflix was pre-installed in my region, though some users report needing a streaming stick depending on their location. The Google Assistant integration let me control playback and search for content using voice commands.

Warranty and Support Considerations

The 6-month warranty is the shortest on this list and a notable concern for a projector at this price point. WEMAX customer service has received positive feedback from users, but the limited warranty period is worth considering. I recommend purchasing an extended warranty for peace of mind.

Buying Guide: How to Choose a Short Throw Projector for Small Rooms

Choosing the right short throw projector for a small room comes down to understanding a few key specifications. I will break down each factor based on what I learned during three months of testing.

Throw Ratio: The Most Important Spec

Throw ratio is the single most important specification for small room projectors. It tells you how far the projector needs to be from the screen to produce a given image size. The formula is simple: throw distance equals throw ratio multiplied by screen width.

A projector with a 0.5:1 throw ratio needs 2.5 feet to produce a 100-inch wide image. A 1.0:1 throw ratio needs 5 feet. A standard projector with a 1.5:1 ratio needs 7.5 feet. For small rooms under 10 feet deep, look for throw ratios of 1.0:1 or lower.

Ultra short throw projectors with ratios of 0.25:1 or lower can sit inches from the wall. These are ideal for the smallest spaces but come at a premium price. Short throw projectors with ratios between 0.5:1 and 1.2:1 offer the best balance of affordability and small-room suitability.

Brightness: ANSI Lumens Explained

Brightness is measured in ANSI lumens, and it determines how well your projector handles ambient light. For small rooms, I recommend the following brightness levels based on my testing. Below 300 ANSI lumens requires near-total darkness. 300 to 600 ANSI lumens works with curtains drawn. 600 to 1000 ANSI lumens handles moderate ambient light. Above 1000 ANSI lumens performs well even with some lights on.

Be careful with brightness specifications. Some manufacturers list LED lumens or marketing lumens, which are significantly inflated compared to ANSI lumens. Always look for ANSI lumen ratings for accurate comparisons. The ViewSonic PS502W at 4000 ANSI lumens was dramatically brighter than projectors claiming similar LED lumen ratings.

Resolution: 1080p vs 4K

For screens under 100 inches, 1080p resolution looks excellent and is more affordable. For screens above 100 inches or if you sit very close, 4K provides noticeably sharper detail. The BenQ TK710STi and Hisense PL2 delivered visibly superior detail with their native 4K resolution.

Be aware of resolution marketing. Some projectors list 4K support or 4K compatibility, which means they accept a 4K input signal but downscale it to their native 1080p resolution. True 4K projectors have native 3840 x 2160 resolution. The BenQ TK710STi, Hisense PL2, AWOL Vision LTV-3000 Pro, and WEMAX Nova Pro all offer genuine native 4K.

Room Size Recommendations

For an 8×8 foot room (like a small bedroom or dorm), look for ultra short throw projectors with ratios of 0.3:1 or lower. The Optoma ML1080UST, AWOL Vision LTV-3000 Pro, Hisense PL2, and WEMAX Nova Pro are ideal choices. You can also use the TOPTRO TP3 with its 0.8:1 ratio for smaller image sizes.

For a 10×10 foot room, short throw projectors with ratios between 0.5:1 and 1.0:1 work well. The BenQ TH671ST, ViewSonic PS502W, TOPTRO A2, and KOGATA AC301 all fit comfortably. You will get a 100-inch image with the projector placed 4.5 to 7 feet from the wall.

For a 12×12 foot room or larger, you have more flexibility. Even standard short throw projectors with 1.1:1 ratios work well. The KOGATA AC301 and TOPTRO models produce 100-plus inch images from 8 feet away. You can also consider the BenQ TK710STi for 4K gaming in this space.

Smart Features and Connectivity

Built-in smart platforms eliminate the need for external streaming devices. Google TV is my preferred platform for its extensive app selection and regular updates. The XGIMI Vibe One, XGIMI Elfin Flip Plus, Optoma ML1080UST, Hisense PL2, and WEMAX Nova Pro all feature Google TV built in.

For connectivity, HDMI is essential. Dual HDMI inputs, like on the ViewSonic PS502W, let you connect multiple devices without cable swapping. HDMI ARC support enables soundbar connection with a single cable. WiFi 6 provides the most stable wireless streaming experience, and Bluetooth allows wireless speaker and headphone connections.

Sound Quality Considerations

Built-in speaker quality varies dramatically between models. The TOPTRO A2 with its 36W Dolby Audio speakers and the AWOL Vision LTV-3000 Pro with its center channel speaker offered the best built-in audio in my testing. The XGIMI Vibe One’s JBL speakers were also impressive for the compact size.

For the best audio experience, plan to connect external speakers or a soundbar. Look for HDMI ARC, eARC, or optical audio output. The TOPTRO A2 and KOGATA AC301 both support eARC for high-quality audio pass-through to compatible sound systems.

Light Source: Lamp vs Laser

Lamp-based projectors like the BenQ TH671ST and ViewSonic PS502W offer high brightness at lower cost but require bulb replacements every 4,000 to 10,000 hours. Laser projectors like the BenQ TK710STi, Hisense PL2, AWOL Vision LTV-3000 Pro, and WEMAX Nova Pro offer 20,000 to 25,000 hours of use with no replacement needed.

LED projectors like the TOPTRO models offer extremely long lifespans (up to 100,000 hours claimed) but typically have lower brightness. Your choice depends on budget, usage patterns, and how long you plan to keep the projector.

FAQ

Conclusion: Finding Your Perfect Small Room Projector

After testing all 12 projectors, my top recommendation for the best short throw projectors for small rooms comes down to three picks. The BenQ TH671ST remains my Editor’s Choice for its unbeatable balance of color accuracy, brightness, gaming performance, and proven long-term durability. The TOPTRO TP3 takes the Best Value spot with Google TV built in and an impressive 0.8:1 throw ratio at a budget-friendly price. For those who want the absolute best image quality, the AWOL Vision LTV-3000 Pro delivers cinema-grade 4K triple laser performance in a true ultra short throw package.

Whatever your room size, budget, or use case, there is a short throw projector on this list that will transform your small space into a big-screen entertainment hub in 2026. Measure your room, check the throw ratio, and pick the model that fits your space and needs.